Question 1

What is hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism is a thyroid disorder defined by an overactive thyroid gland, leading to the excessive production of thyroid hormones. These hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are crucial regulators of our body's metabolism, energy levels, and various bodily functions. An overactive thyroid speeds up bodily functions and can disrupt an individual's life. It is relatively common in Singapore, especially among women, with Graves' disease being the primary cause.

Question 2

What are the common signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Common signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism include: fatigue (persistent weariness that differs from normal tiredness), unintentional weight loss despite increased appetite, irritability and mood swings, increased sensitivity to heat (heat intolerance), fast and irregular heartbeat, nervousness, tremors (involuntary shaking of arms and legs), frequent bowel movements, and insomnia. These symptoms often develop gradually and may not be immediately recognized as indicators of a thyroid problem.

Question 3

Why does hyperthyroidism cause fatigue?

Accepted Answer

Fatigue in hyperthyroidism is different from normal tiredness. Patients experience persistent weariness even after sleeping or taking breaks and an overwhelming feeling of exhaustion that can occur suddenly without apparent cause. This happens because the body is essentially 'overworking' due to increased metabolism, which drains energy reserves quickly. Additionally, your body consumes energy very rapidly with hyperthyroidism, which can break down muscles and cause fatigue, despite the paradoxical increased energy levels that may lead to anxiety and insomnia.

Question 4

What causes hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' Disease, an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the cells, tissues, and organs of the body. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. Other potential causes include thyroid nodules that produce excess hormones, thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid), and taking too much thyroid medication.

Question 5

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?

Accepted Answer

Diagnosing hyperthyroidism typically involves several methods: 1) Medical history and physical examination, where an endocrine specialist looks for common signs like an enlarged thyroid gland or tremor of the fingers; 2) Blood tests to measure levels of thyroid hormones - elevated levels of T4 and T3, along with decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, can confirm hyperthyroidism; 3) Radioactive iodine uptake test to identify the cause by showing how much iodine the thyroid gland absorbs; and 4) Thyroid ultrasound scan to provide a visual of the thyroid's size and activity, indicating abnormalities.

Question 6

What are the treatment options for hyperthyroidism in Singapore?

Accepted Answer

Treatment options for hyperthyroidism in Singapore include: 1) Medical therapy with anti-thyroid medications such as carbimazole, methimazole, and propylthiouracil to reduce thyroid hormone production and release, as well as beta-blockers to treat symptoms like rapid heartbeat, anxiety, and tremor; 2) Surgical therapy involving total or subtotal removal of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy) if medical treatment does not give the desired result or in the case of a massive goitre; and 3) Radioiodine therapy, which uses radioactive iodine taken orally to help reduce the size of the thyroid gland and decrease thyroid hormone production.

Question 7

What complications can occur from untreated hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to serious complications, including: 1) Thyroid storm - a life-threatening complication that happens when a trigger suddenly worsens hyperthyroidism symptoms, which can be triggered by infection or pregnancy and requires emergency medical care; 2) Atrial fibrillation - hyperthyroidism can cause rhythmic dysfunction of the heart, potentially leading to blood clots, stroke, or heart failure; 3) Osteoporosis - excessive thyroid hormones can interfere with calcium absorption and bone health; and 4) Eye problems - particularly in Graves' disease, which can cause bulging eyes, double vision, and even vision loss.

Question 8

Why does hyperthyroidism cause weight loss despite increased appetite?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism increases the rate of energy consumption in the body, leading to unintentional, rapid weight loss. This accelerated metabolism causes the body to burn calories faster than normal, even at rest. Although this often leads to an increased appetite as the body tries to compensate for the higher energy expenditure, the weight loss typically prevails despite the increased food intake because the metabolic rate is so significantly elevated.

Question 9

Who should I consult for hyperthyroidism treatment in Singapore?

Accepted Answer

For hyperthyroidism diagnosis and treatment in Singapore, you should consult with an endocrinologist who specializes in thyroid disorders. At Harmony Thyroid, Endocrinology and Diabetes Centre, Dr. Vikram Sonawane is a Senior Consultant Endocrinologist with experience and expertise in managing thyroid disorders. He is Mayo Clinic Fellowship-trained with over 12 years of experience in Endocrinology and has specialized knowledge in Clinical Thyroidology, Nodular Thyroid Disease, and Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the thyroid.

Question 10

How does hyperthyroidism affect the heart?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism significantly affects the heart by increasing heart rate and potentially causing irregular heart rhythms. Patients with hyperthyroidism may experience a faster resting heart rate (tachycardia), making the heart's rhythm unusually rapid. The thyroid hormones directly influence how fast or slow your heart beats, and excessive thyroid hormones increase heart rate. This can lead to palpitations, atrial fibrillation (a type of arrhythmia), and in severe cases, can stress the heart and potentially lead to heart failure if left untreated.

Question 11

How do anti-thyroid medications work, and what are their side effects?

Accepted Answer

Anti-thyroid medications work by blocking the production of thyroid hormones, helping to reduce the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The most commonly used medications include methimazole and propylthiouracil. These medications help regulate thyroid hormone levels, but they may cause side effects such as rash, joint pain, liver problems, and a decrease in white blood cells. It’s important to monitor for side effects during treatment for hyperthyroidism, and your endocrinologist will guide you through the process. For expert care and medication management, consult a hyperthyroidism specialist in Singapore.

Question 12

Can hyperthyroidism affect pregnancy, and how is it managed in pregnant women?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism can pose risks during pregnancy, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and high blood pressure. It can also affect the health of the mother. Managing hyperthyroidism during pregnancy involves careful monitoring and treatment with medications that are safe for both the mother and the baby, such as propylthiouracil in the first trimester. It’s essential to work closely with your healthcare provider to ensure safe management of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy.

Question 13

Are there dietary restrictions or recommendations for individuals with hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

While there are no strict dietary restrictions for individuals with hyperthyroidism, certain foods may help manage symptoms. A diet rich in calcium and vitamin D is recommended to counteract the risk of bone thinning, a common issue for those with hyperthyroidism. It’s also important to avoid excessive iodine intake, as it can affect thyroid function. Consulting a healthcare provider or nutritionist for a personalised plan is recommended for those undergoing treatment for hyperthyroidism.

Question 14

How often should I have follow-up appointments during treatment?

Accepted Answer

The frequency of follow-up appointments during hyperthyroidism treatment depends on the individual’s condition and the type of treatment. Initially, more frequent visits are necessary to monitor thyroid hormone levels and adjust medication dosages. As treatment progresses, follow-ups may become less frequent. Regular monitoring ensures that the treatment for hyperthyroidism is effective and helps prevent complications.

Question 15

Can hyperthyroidism recur after treatment?

Accepted Answer

Yes, hyperthyroidism can recur after treatment, especially if it was caused by conditions like Graves’ disease. While anti-thyroid medications can control the condition for many, some individuals may experience a relapse over time. Regular follow-ups and monitoring with a thyroid specialist in singapore are key to detecting any recurrence early. In some cases, additional treatment options like radioactive iodine therapy or surgery may be considered to manage recurrent hyperthyroidism in the long term.

Hyperthyroidism

Understanding Hyperthyroidism

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism

Seriousness of Hyperthyroidism

Treatment Options for Hyperthyroidism

Medications

Endocrine Specialist in Singapore

Frequently Asked Question

References: