Understanding Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is a thyroid disorder that is relatively common in Singapore, especially among women, with Graves’ disease being the primary cause. The medical condition is defined by an overactive thyroid gland, leading to the excessive production of thyroid hormones. These hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are crucial regulators of our body’s metabolism, energy levels, and various bodily functions. An overactive thyroid speeds up bodily functions and can disrupt an individual’s life.
Signs and Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism varies across different signs and symptoms that can impact different parts of the body. These symptoms often develop gradually and may not be immediately recognised as indicators of a thyroid problem.
- Fatigue: A common sign of hyperthyroidism is fatigue. This fatigue is different from normal tiredness. Patients would experience persistent weariness even after sleeping or taking breaks and an overwhelming feeling of exhaustion that can occur suddenly and without apparent cause. This happens because the body is essentially “overworking” due to the increased metabolism, which can drain energy reserves quickly.
- Unintentional Weight Loss: Weight loss is a less common symptom of hyperthyroidism and may seem counterintuitive given the associated increase in metabolism.
- Irritability: Mood disturbances are common in patients suffering from hyperthyroidism. Hormonal imbalances can significantly impact neurotransmitter function, leading to feelings of irritation. Mood swings are also common, which can complicate personal and professional relationships.
- Increased Sensitivity to Heat: Alongside increasing the metabolic rate, excessive thyroid hormones stimulate the process known as thermogenesis, the body’s mechanism of producing heat.
- Fast and Irregular Heartbeat: Patients with hyperthyroidism may experience a faster resting heart rate, making the heart’s rhythm unusually rapid.
Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism
Seriousness of Hyperthyroidism
Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism
An experienced Endocrinologist can provide you with the specialised care that certain patients require. Several of the following methods will typically be used to get an accurate diagnosis.
Medical and Physical Examination
The diagnostic process usually starts with a thorough medical history and physical exam, where doctors look for common signs like an enlarged thyroid gland or a tremour of the fingers.
Diagnostic Tests
- Blood Tests: These are essential for measuring levels of thyroid hormones. Elevated levels of T4 and T3, along with decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, can confirm hyperthyroidism.
- Radioactive Iodine Uptake Test: This helps to identify the cause by showing how much iodine the thyroid gland absorbs.
- Thyroid Ultrasound Scan: This imaging tool provides a visual of the thyroid’s size and activity, indicating abnormalities.
Seriousness of Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism can lead to a variety of severe complications if not properly managed. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate the body’s metabolic rate, influencing numerous systems within the body. When too much hormone is produced, it can cause systems to work faster and harder, which may not be safe. Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to the following medical complications.
- Cardiovascular Issues: One of the most critical impacts of hyperthyroidism is on the heart. Excessive thyroid hormones can lead to a faster heart rate, increased blood pressure, and higher risks of heart arrhythmias and congestive heart failure.
- Weight and Muscle Effects: Patients may experience sudden weight loss, muscle weakness, and fatigue, interfering with daily life and undermining overall health.
- Neurological Impact: In cases like Graves’ disease, hyperthyroidism may even lead to structural brain changes, potentially leading to reduced attention span, memory lapses, and decreased executive functioning.
- Reproductive Health: For women of reproductive age, hyperthyroidism can affect menstrual cycles and fertility. Preconception counselling is advised for women with hyperthyroidism who wish to become pregnant.
- Bone Health: There is also an increased risk of osteoporosis as elevated thyroid hormones can lead to a faster turnover of bone, weakening the skeletal structure over time.
The seriousness of hyperthyroidism underscores the need for prompt diagnosis and effective management to mitigate these health risks and maintain quality of life.
Treatment Options for Hyperthyroidism
The hyperthyroidism treatment in Singapore aims to lower the production of thyroid hormones and ease symptoms. After a detailed diagnosis from Dr Vikram Sonawane, he will provide you with a tailored treatment plan. The choice of treatment is determined by the cause of hyperthyroidism, the severity of symptoms, and the patient’s overall health.
Medications
- Antithyroid Medications: Drugs such as Carbimazole and Propylthiouracil help reduce hormone production.
- Beta-blockers: These can control heart rate and reduce palpitations.
- Radioactive Iodine Therapy: This treatment involves ingesting radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells, decreasing the gland’s hormone production. It’s a commonly preferred method for long-term resolution.
While hyperthyroidism can be a complex and multi-symptom condition, it is manageable with accurate diagnosis and effective hyperthyroidism treatment in Singapore. Recognising the signs early can lead to better outcomes, and with the appropriate therapeutic approach, most people with hyperthyroidism can lead healthy, active lives.
If you experience any of the symptoms described, book an appointment with Dr Vikram Sonawane, an experienced Endocrinologist at Harmony Thyroid Endocrinology and Diabetes Centre. He is well-versed in hyperthyroidism and can provide expert treatment for thyroid disorders.
References:
- Mayo Clinic. Hyperthyroidism – Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Published November 30, 2022. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20373659
- Holmberg MO, Malmgren H, Berglund P, et al. Structural brain changes in hyperthyroid Graves’ disease: protocol for an ongoing longitudinal, case-controlled study in Göteborg, Sweden—the CogThy project. BMJ Open. 2019;9(11):e031168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031168
