Excessive Hair Growth in Females (Hirsutism)
Understanding Hirsutism Hirsutism is a condition characterised by excessive, unwanted hair growth in women in areas where hair is usually minimal or absent. The pattern of hair growth is similar to that of male secondary sexual hair distribution, including areas such as the face, chest, and back. This condition can be an indication of underlying […]
Enlargement of Breasts in Males (Gynecomastia)
Understanding Gynecomastia Gynecomastia, also known as “man boobs”, is a condition characterised by the abnormal growth of breast tissue in males, often caused by hormonal imbalances where oestrogen levels surpass testosterone. This condition can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly. Gynecomastia is prevalent among older men, especially those over 50, due to age-related hormonal […]
Hypogonadism
Understanding Hypogonadism Hypogonadism is characterised by the body’s sex glands (gonads) producing insufficient hormones. In men, hypogonadism typically results in low testosterone, while the condition involves insufficient production of oestrogen and progesterone in women. Hypogonadism predominantly affects males, particularly as they age. Although the condition can occur in females, it is more commonly recognised and […]
Infertility (Male and Female)
Understanding Infertility Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after at least one year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. This condition can affect both males and females and involves a complex range of physical, hormonal, and environmental factors. In particular, hormonal imbalances are closely linked to infertility, as hormones play a critical role […]
PCOS, menstrual disorders, and perimenopause
Uncovering the Connection Between PCOS and Menstrual Disorders Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), perimenopause, and menstrual disorders are common gynaecological conditions that affect a significant number of women globally. Each condition presents unique symptoms and health implications, necessitating precise diagnostic criteria and comprehensive management strategies. Recent advancements emphasise the refinement of diagnostic criteria, simplified diagnostic algorithms, […]
Young Age Onset Hypertension
Understanding Young Age Onset Hypertension Hypertension is defined as consistently elevated blood pressure readings of 140/90 mmHg or higher. Young Age Onset Hypertension (YAOH) refers to high blood pressure diagnosed in individuals who are younger, typically below the age of 40. Unlike hypertension in older adults, which is often associated with lifestyle factors and age-related […]
Pheochromocytoma
Understanding Pheochromocytoma Photo credit: UCLA Health Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumour that originates from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland, leading to excessive production of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline). These hormones control the body’s fight-or-flight response, and their excess can lead to symptoms like severe hypertension, heart palpitations, headaches, and more. While this hormonal […]
Adrenal Nodules
Understanding Adrenal Nodules Photo credit: Journal of Clinical and Translational Endocrinology: Case Reports Adrenal nodules are abnormal growths found in the adrenal glands, small glands located above the kidneys that produce important hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline. These nodules are often discovered incidentally during imaging tests conducted to investigate conditions other than adrenal-related […]
Primary Aldosteronism
Primary Aldosteronism, also called Conn’s syndrome, is an endocrine disorder where the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone, which regulates sodium and potassium levels. Excessively high aldosterone levels can result in loss of potassium and retention of sodium. Causes of Primary Aldosteronism Primary aldosteronism is most commonly caused by: Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma (APA): A benign (non-cancerous) […]
Adrenal Insufficiency
Understanding Adrenal Insufficiency Adrenal insufficiency is a medical condition when the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient amounts of hormones, notably the vital cortisol. The other hormones produced by the adrenal gland that could be affected are aldosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and Adrenal androgens regulate various physiological functions, including maintaining blood pressure, balancing salt levels, and regulating […]